1. Different shapes of the land are called landforms.
2. The 4 major landforms are : mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains.
3. Mountains are formed when 2 tectonic plates move towards each other and the 2 plates push up the land.
4. The 3 parts of the earth starting from the center of the earth are the core,mantle,crust, and atmosphere (you will have to beable to label these on a diagram).
5. A volcano is formed when magma (molten rock from the mantle) breaks through a crack in the crust and flows onto the earth's surface.
6. The magma that reaches the earth's surface is lava.
7. Lava cools and hardens, forming a mountain called a volcano.
8. An earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by rock movement along a fault.
9. The crust of the earth is made up of large sections of rock called plates.
10. A fault is a crack in the earth's crust along which rocks move.
11. The breaking and changing of rocks is called weathering.
12. Ice, wind, plants, and water cause weathering.
13. The moving of weathered rocks and soil by water, wind, and ice is erosion.
14. Glaciers are large areas (or sheets) of moving ice formed by snow.
15. Stalactites and stalagmites are formed by erosion by water dripping in a cave.
16. Minerals, a nonliving solid matter from the earth, have physical properties such as luster, hardness, and color.
17. Igneous rocks form from magma that cools under the earth's surface or lava that hardens on the earth's surface.
18. Sedimentary rocks form from pieces of weathered rocks and other materials.
19. Sedimentary rocks form in layers with the oldest on the bottom and the newest on the top.
20. Metamorphic rocks form when igneous or sedimentary rocks are subjected to heat and pressure deep in the earth.
21. Soils are different because they form from different kinds of rocks and minerals.
22. Air, water, soil, trees, and fossil fuels are natural resources.
23. Fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas) and minerals are nonrenewable resources.
24. Trees, water, soil, animal and plant products are renewable resources.
25, Fossil fuels are formed from tiny dead organisms buried under layers of sediment.
26. Everyone should do their part to conserve and recycle our natural resources.

1. 75% (3/4ths) of the earth is covered by water.
2. The largest of the 4 main oceans is the Pacific Ocean.
3. The first device used to learn about the ocean floor was a long line with a weight at the end of it.
4. Scientist can map the ocean floor using a sounding device called sonar.
5. Scientist also use satellites which use radar to map the ocean floor.
6. The continental shelf is the shallow part of the ocean at the edge of the continents.
7. At the continental slope, the ocean floor drops sharply to the ocean basin.
8. A trench is a very deep narrow valley in the ocean basin.
9. The deepest point on the earth's surface is the Challenger Deep, in the Marianas Trench. (It is 7 miles deep!)
10. Ocean ridges are the tops of long mountain chains in the ocean basin.
11. The ocean basin is the floor of the deep ocean.
12. River like streams of water that move at different speeds are called currents.
13. The Gulf Stream flows north along the east coast of the U.S. and moves east across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe.
14. The warm current water of the Gulf Stream warms the air that flows over Great Britain and northern Europe.
15. El Nino is a huge pool of warm water that spreads eastward across the Pacific Ocean every few years, causing dramatic shifts in weather.
16. A tide is the rise and fall of the water along the shore.
17. Tides occur twice a day.
18. Two high tides and two low tides move onto the ocean shore each day.
19. The moon's pull on the earth causes high and low tides in the ocean.
20. Earthquakes, tides, and wind make waves.
21. Overtime, waves pounding on the shore carry away or erode the rocks and sediment on the shore.
22. Waves can also move sand to other places and build up sandbars or islands.
23. The ocean has different habitats for plants and animals.
24. Dr. Robert Ballard has discovered the wrecks of many ships on the ocean floor, including the Titanic, by using robots such as Jason and Jason Jr..
25. Exploring the ocean is like exploring space. Scientists must protect themselves from different temperatures, pressures, and lack of oxygen.
26. Be able to label the parts of the ocean floor.

1. The axis is an imaginary line through the center of the earth on which the earth spins.
2. One complete rotation (one full spin) of the earth takes 24 hours.
3. Day and night are caused by the earth rotating/spinning.
4. The path of the earth around the sun is called the orbit.
5. One full orbit around the sun is one revolution.
6. Earth takes 365 days or 1 year to make one revolution around the sun.
7. Gravity is a force of attraction that causes the earth to revolve around the sun.
8. The tilt of the earth affects the way different parts of the earth receive sunlight.
9. The axis of the earth is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees. This tilt causes our seasons to change.
10. Sunlight is a form of the sun's energy. The more energy from the sun that reaches Earth, the more the sunlight heats the Earth.
11. The moon does not shine, it only reflects light from the sun.
12. A satellite is an object that revolves around another object.
13. The moon is a satellite of the earth and the earth is a satellite of the sun (order is important).
14. The different shapes of the moon are called phases.
15. The moon's phases go through the same cycle every month and it takes 28-29 days.
16. The time it takes the moon to revolve around the earth is one month (28-29 days).
17. During the full-moon phase, the entire half of the moon facing the earth is lighted.
18. In the 3rd quarter or last quarter of the moon, you can only see half of the lighted half of the moon (or one-quarter of the whole).
19. During the new moon, the entire half of the moon facing the earth is dark.
20. During the 1st quarter phase, you see one half of the lighted half (or one-quarter of the whole moon).
21. A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon moves through the earth's shadow.
22. A solar eclipse occurs when the moon moves between the earth and the sun causing a shadow on the earth.
23. The planets are satellites of the sun because they all orbit the sun.
24. On August 24, 2006, Pluto was declared not to be a planet (but a "dwarf" planet) by the world's astronomers.
25. The Hubble Telescope is a tool scientists use to study space.
26. Thousands of asteroids orbit the sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
27. A meteor that hits the ground is called a meteorite. (You can see a meteorite crater near Odessa, Texas and in Arizona.)
28. A frozen chunk of ice, dust, and gas that orbits the sun is a comet.
29. Our sun is an average star in size and brightness.
30. The sun provides all the energy for life on earth.
31. Groups of stars that form a pattern in the sky are called constellations.
32. Be able to label the phases of the moon on a diagram.